Sources

Cardiac Modules

Congenital Heart Disease Ductal Dependant Shunts - Module

American Heart Association. (2022). Congenital heart defects. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects.

Baffa JM, Chen SL, Guttenberg ME, Norwood WI, Weinberg PM. Coronary artery abnormalities and right ventricular histology in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992. August;20(2):350–8.

Fruitman DS. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Prognosis and management options. Paediatr Child Health 2000. May;5(4):219–25.

Congenital Heart Disease Non-Ductal Dependant Shunts - Module

Ossa Galvis MM, Bhakta RT, Tarmahomed A, et al. Cyanotic Heart Disease. [Updated 2023 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500001/

Chikkabyrappa, S., Mahadevaiah, G., Buddhe, S., Alsaied, T., & Tretter, J. (2019). Common arterial trunk: Physiology, imaging, and management. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 23(2), 225-236.

Desai, K., Rabinowitz, E. J., & Epstein, S. (2019). Physiologic diagnosis of congenital heart disease in cyanotic neonates. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 31(2), 274-283. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000725

Segura, T., & Gatzoulis, M. A. (2019). Where are we with coronary artery disease for the cyanotic patient with congenital heart disease? International Journal of Cardiology, 277, 108-109.

Fetal Circulation After Birth (Postpartum) - Module

Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Mullany, L. C., Lee, A. C., & Wall, S. (2016). Fetal and neonatal causes of death in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 388(10063), 1153-1166.

Jacobson, Brad, "Circulatory Changes at Birth". Embryo Project Encyclopedia ( 2010-09-12 ). ISSN: 1940-5030 https://hdl.handle.net/10776/2077

Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Lang J, van Vonderen JJ, Roehr CC, Kluckow M, Gill AW, Wallace EM, Polglase GR. Cardiovascular transition at birth: a physiological sequence. Pediatr Res. 2015 May;77(5):608-14. doi: 10.1038/pr.2015.21.

Remien, K., & Majmundar, S. H. (2023, April 26). Physiology, fetal circulation. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539710/

Fetal Circulation In Utero - Module

Blencowe, H., Cousens, S., Mullany, L. C., Lee, A. C., & Wall, S. (2016). Fetal and neonatal causes of death in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 388(10063), 1153-1166.

Keeling, J. W., & Thomas, W. (2017). Neonatal transition: Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology. Clinical Perinatology, 44(4), 847-863.

Levey, A. S., & Liu, C. (2020). Perinatal physiology: The fetal to neonatal transition. American Journal of Physiology, 318(5), R1207-R1214.

Martin, R. J., Fanaroff, A. A., & Walsh, M. C. (2019). Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant(11th ed.). Elsevier.

Pappas, M., & Hyder, S. (2018). Development of the fetal circulatory system and its transition at birth. Pediatric Cardiology, 39(7), 1361-1368.

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)- Module

Hoffman, J. I. E., & Kaplan, S. (2002). The incidence of congenital heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 39(12), 1890-1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7

Jacobs, J. P., et al. (2003). Outcomes of neonatal surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: A systematic review. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 125(6), 1203-1211.

Van der Linde, D., et al. (2011). Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(21), 2241-2247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025

Wojtowicz, A., et al. (2021). Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: From the prenatal to the postnatal period. Ginekologia Polska. https://doi.org/10.5603/GP.a2020.0160

Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (HRHS)- Module

Hoffman, J. I. E., & Kaplan, S. (2002). The Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 39(12), 1890-1900.

Kadam PG, Shah VR, Saikia K, Patel RR. Resuscitation of a Newborn with Right Hypoplastic Heart Syndrome: A Rare Confrontation for an Anesthesiologist. Anesth Essays Res. 2017 Oct-Dec;11(4):1124-1125. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.194592. PMID: 29284892; PMCID: PMC5735467. 

Van der Linde, D., et al. (2011). Birth Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58(21), 2241-2247.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) - Module

Ansems, S. M., Kirpalani, H., Mercer-Rosa, L., et al. (2019). Patent ductus arteriosus and the effects of its late closure in preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neonatology, 116(3), 236–243.

Clyman, R. I. (2000). Ibuprofen and patent ductus arteriosus. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(10), 728–730.

Gillam-Krakauer, M., Hagadorn, J. I., & Reese, J. (2019). Pharmacological closure of the patent ductus arteriosus: When treatment still makes sense. Journal of Perinatology, 39(11), 1439–1441.

Hamrick, S. E., & Hansmann, G. (2010). Patent ductus arteriosus of the preterm infant. Pediatrics, 125(5), 1020–1030.

Herrman, K., Bose, C., Lewis, K., & Laughon, M. (2009). Spontaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants following discharge from the neonatal unit. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 94(1), F48–F50.

Sung, S. I., Chang, Y. S., Kim, J., Choi, J. H., Ahn, S. Y., & Park, W. S. (2019). Natural evolution of ductus arteriosus with noninterventional conservative management in extremely preterm infants born at 23–28 weeks of gestation. PLoS One, 14(2), e0212256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212256

Weber, S. C., Weiss, K., Bührer, C., Hansmann, G., Koehne, P., & Sallmon, H. (2015). Natural history of patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants after discharge. Journal of Pediatrics, 167(5), 1149–1151.

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Neonate (PPHN) - Module

Huybrechts, K. F., Bateman, B. T., Palmsten, K., Desai, R. J., Patorno, E., Gopalakrishnan, C., Levin, R., Mogun, H., & Hernandez-Diaz, S. (2015). Antidepressant use late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. JAMA, 313(21), 2142-2151.

Kumar, V. H., Hutchison, A. A., Lakshminrusimha, S., Morin, F. C., Wynn, R. J., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Characteristics of pulmonary hypertension in preterm neonates. Journal of Perinatology, 27(4), 214-219.

Nandula, P. S., & Shah, S. D. (2023, July 31). Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585100/

Singh, Y., & Lakshminrusimha, S. (2021). Pathophysiology and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clinical Perinatology, 48(3), 595-618.

Tetrology of Fallot (TOF) - Module

Bailliard, F., & Anderson, R. H. (2009). Tetralogy of Fallot. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 4, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-4-2

Barron, D. J. (2013). Tetralogy of Fallot: Controversies in early management. World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, 4(2), 186-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135113486095

Bertranou, E. G., Blackstone, E. H., Hazelrig, J. B., Turner, M. E., & Kirklin, J. W. (1978). Life expectancy without surgery in tetralogy of Fallot. The American Journal of Cardiology, 42(3), 458-466.

Horenstein MS, Diaz-Frias J, Guillaume M. Tetralogy of Fallot. [Updated 2024 Dec 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513288/

O'Brien, P., & Marshall, A. C. (2014). Cardiology patient page. Tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation, 130(4), e26-e29.

Wu, M. H., Lu, C. W., Chen, H. C., Kao, F. Y., & Huang, S. K. (2018). Adult congenital heart disease in a nationwide population 2000-2014: Epidemiological trends, arrhythmia, and standardized mortality ratio. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007732

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) - Module

Barlow, A. E., & Sondheimer, H. M. (2018). Transposition of the great arteries: Diagnosis and management. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 65(5), 1031-1052.

Barker, P. M., & Zetterström, R. H. (2019). Transposition of the great arteries: Outcomes after surgery. Cardiology in the Young, 29(6), 744-751.

Brown, J. W., Ruzmetov, M., Huynh, D., Rodefeld, M. D., Turrentine, M. W., & Fiore, A. C. (2011). Rastelli operation for transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 91(1), 188-193; discussion 193-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.07.057

Oster ME, Aucott SW, Glidewell J, Hackell J, Kochilas L, Martin GR, Phillippi J, Pinto NM, Saarinen A, Sontag M, Kemper AR. Lessons Learned From Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Defects. Pediatrics. 2016 May;137(5)

Warnes CA. Transposition of the great arteries. Circulation. 2006 Dec 12;114(24):2699-709.

Equipment Modules

O2 / Air Blender - Module

Mantena, Sreekar et al. Oxygen Blending is Urgently Needed in Resource-Limited Settings. The Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 237, 288 - 291

Mollazadeh-Moghaddam K, Burke TF, Dundek M, Yeung SH, Sharma R, Ravi R, et al. Low-Cost venturi ambient air-oxygen blender for neonatal oxygen therapy. Acad J Ped Neonatol. (2020) 8:48–56. 10.19080/AJPN.2020.08.555808

Ng E, Dundek M, Burke TF. Evaluation of an innovative low flow oxygen blender system for global access. Front Pediatr. 2022 Sep 12;10:981821. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.981821. PMID: 36186642; PMCID: PMC9519358.

Saugstad OD. Oxygen for newborns: how much is too much? J Perinatol. (2005) 25 (Suppl. 2):S45–49. 10.1038/sj.jp.7211321

World Health Organization . Oxygen Therapy for Children. (2016). Available online at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204584/9789241549554_eng.pdf?sequence=1

Closed Suction System - Module

Bailey, T., Maltsberger, H.L. (2021). Chapter 15: Common invasive procedures. In M.T. Virkland, M. Walden, S. Forest (Eds.) Core curriculum for neonatal intensive care nursing (6th ed., pp. 244-268). St. Louis: Elsevier. (Level VII) 

Fraser, D., Diehl-Jones, W. (2021). Chapter 26: Assisted ventilation. In M.T. Virkland, M. Walden, S. Forest (Eds.) Core curriculum for neonatal intensive care nursing (6th ed., pp. 425-444). St. Louis: Elsevier. (Level VII) 

Gardner, S.L. (2021). Chapter 23: Respiratory diseases. In S.L. Gardner and others (Eds.) Merenstein and Gardner’s handbook of neonatal intensive care nursing: An interprofessional approach (9th ed., pp. 729-835). St. Louis: Elsevier. 

Watters, K., Mancuso, T. (2019). Chapter 13: Airway management. In B. Walsh and others (Eds.), Neonatal and pediatric respiratory care (5th ed., pp. 222-243). St. Louis: Elsevier. 

CPAP in NICU - Module

Casey JL, Newberry D, Jnah A. Early Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Investigating Interprofessional Best Practices for the NICU Team. Neonatal Netw. 2016;35(3):125-34.

Gupta S, Donn SM. Continuous positive airway pressure: Physiology and comparison of devices. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 Jun;21(3):204-11.

Gupta S, Donn SM. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: To Bubble or Not to Bubble? Clin Perinatol. 2016 Dec;43(4):647-659.

Pinto VL, Sharma S. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482178/

Polin RA, Sahni R. Newer experience with CPAP. Semin Neonatol. 2002 Oct;7(5):379-89.

Flow Inflating Bag - Module

Bennett S, Finer NN, Rich W, Vaucher Y. A comparison of three neonatal resuscitation devices. Resuscitation. 2005 Oct;67(1):113-8. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.02.016. PMID: 16081202.

Dang, S., et al. (2015). Comparison of T-piece resuscitator with other flow–inflating bags for providing positive pressure ventilation during neonatal resuscitation: A systematic review. Value in Health, 18(7), A347. https://doi.org/

Tribolet, S. (2022). Ventilation devices for neonatal resuscitation at birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation, 183, 109681. https://doi.org/

High Frequency Oscillator - Module

Avila, K., Mazza, L., and Morgan-Trujillo.L. 1994.  High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation: A nursing approach to bedside care. Neonatal Network, 13 (5), 23-31. 

Bouchut, J.C. Godard, J. & Claris, O.  (2004)  High Frequency Ventilation.  Anaesthesiology, 100 (4), 1007-1012. 

Bunnell, J.B. (1990) High-Frequency Ventilation in Newborn and Pediatric Intensive Care. Neonatal Intensive Care, May/June, 28-32. 

Bunnell, J.B. (1990) High-Frequency Ventilation in newborn and Pediatric Intensive Care – Part ll. Neonatal Intensive Care, July/August, 12-18. 

Chan KP, Stewart TE, Mehta S. (2007).High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adult patients with ARDS. Chest; 131(6):1907-1916 

Duval, E.L. Markhorst, D.G. & Vught, A.J. (2009) High frequency oscillatory ventilation in children: an overview. Respiratory Medicine CME 2, 155-161. 

Froese, A.B. & Kinsella, J.P. (2005) High-frequency oscillatory ventilation: lessons from the neonatal/pediatric experience. Critical Care Medicine, 33(3), S115-S121. 

Neonatal Intubation - Module

Antoine, J., Dunn, B., McLanders, M., Jardine, L., & Liley, H. (2024). Approaches to neonatal intubation training: A scoping review. Resuscitation Plus, 20, 100776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100776

Foglia EE, Ades A, Sawyer T, Glass KM, Singh N, Jung P, Quek BH, Johnston LC, Barry J, Zenge J, Moussa A, Kim JH, DeMeo SD, Napolitano N, Nadkarni V, Nishisaki A; NEAR4NEOS Investigators. Neonatal Intubation Practice and Outcomes: An International Registry Study. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;143(1):e20180902. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-0902. Epub 2018 Dec 11. PMID: 30538147; PMCID: PMC6317557.

Saisamorn, F., Sriwiset, C., Sirisomboon, R., Paes, B., & Kitsommart, R. (2022). Indications and outcomes of neonatal intubation: A single-center, prospective study in a middle-income country. Pediatrics & Neonatology, 63(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2021.09.001

Weiner, G. M., & Zaichkin, J. (Eds.). (2021). Textbook of neonatal resuscitation (8th ed.). American Academy of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610025256

Suctioning the Neonate - Module

Blatz S, Paes BA, Kraftcheck DJ. Suctioning Newborns: A practical guide to when and how. Can Fam Physician. 1992 Aug;38:1813-20. PMID: 21221313; PMCID: PMC2145775.

Foster JP, Dawson JA, Davis PG, Dahlen HG. Routine oro/nasopharyngeal suction versus no suction at birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD010332. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010332.pub2.

Purington C, Eilevstjønn J, Dalen I, Yeconia A, Blacy L, Mduma E, Haug I, Holte K, Chang C, Perlman J, Ersdal H. Use of Suctioning during Newborn Resuscitation and Its Effects on Heart Rate in a Low-Resource Setting, Tanzania. Children (Basel). 2023 Sep 12;10(9):1540. doi: 10.3390/children10091540. PMID: 37761501; PMCID: PMC10529279.

T-Piece Resuscitator - Module

Bjorland, P. A., Ersdal, H. L., Haynes, J., Ushakova, A., Øymar, K., & Rettedal, S. I. (2022). Tidal volumes and pressures delivered by the NeoPuff T-piece resuscitator during resuscitation of term newborns. Resuscitation, 170, 222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.12.006

Drevhammar T, Falk M, Donaldsson S, Tracy M, Hinder M. Neonatal Resuscitation With T-Piece Systems: Risk of Inadvertent PEEP Related to Mechanical Properties. Front Pediatr. 2021 Jun 7;9:663249. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.663249. PMID: 34164358; PMCID: PMC8215339.

Hinder M, McEwan A, Drevhammer T, Donaldson S, Tracy MB. T-piece resuscitators: how do they compare? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. (2019) 104:F122–F7. 10.1136/archdischild-2018-314860

Pallapothu B, Priyadarshi M, Singh P, Kumar S, Chaurasia S, Basu S. T-Piece resuscitator versus self-inflating bag for delivery room resuscitation in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2023 Dec;182(12):5565-5576. doi: 10.1007/s00431-023-05230-7. Epub 2023 Oct 4. PMID: 37792092.

Maternal Fetal Health Modules

Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) - Module

Huri M, Di Tommaso M, Seravalli V. Amniotic Fluid Disorders: From Prenatal Management to Neonatal Outcomes. Children (Basel). 2023 Mar 16;10(3):561. doi: 10.3390/children10030561. PMID: 36980117; PMCID: PMC10047002.

Lord M, Marino S, Kole M. Amniotic Fluid Index. [Updated 2023 Mar 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441881/ 

Phelan JP, Ahn MO, Smith CV, Rutherford SE, Anderson E. Amniotic fluid index measurements during pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 1987 Aug;32(8):601-4. PMID: 3309290.

Wax, J. R., et al. (2022). The amniotic fluid index and oligohydramnios: A deeper dive into the shallow end. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 227(3), 462–470.

APGAR Score - Module

The Apgar score. Committee Opinion No. 644. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:e52–5. 

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association. Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation . 6th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics and American Heart Association; 2011. 

Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anesth Analg 1953;32:260–267. 

Malin GL, Morris RK, Khan KS. Strength of association between umbilical cord pH and perinatal and long term outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010; 340:c1471. 

Cephalopelvec Disproportion (CPD) - Module

Hanzal, E., Kainz, C., Hoffmann, G. et al. An analysis of the prediction of cephalopelvic disproportion.Arch Gynecol Obstet 253, 161–166 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02766641

Maharaj D. Assessing cephalopelvic disproportion: back to the basics. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2010 Jun;65(6):387-95. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181ecdf0c. PMID: 20633305. 

Tsvieli O, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Risk factors and perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated with cephalopelvic disproportion: a population-based study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Apr;285(4):931-6. doi: 10.1007/s00404-011-2086-4. Epub 2011 Sep 20. PMID: 21932085.

Eclampsia - Module

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(5):1122-1131. PMID: 24150027 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24150027/. 

Harper LM, Tita A, Karumanchi SA. Pregnancy-related hypertension. In: Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, Copel JA, Silver RM, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 48. 

Henn MC, Lall MD. Complications of pregnancy. In: Walls RM, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 173. 

Sibai BM. Preeclampsia and hypertensive disorders. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 38. 

HELLP Syndrome - Module

Khalid F, Mahendraker N, Tonismae T. HELLP Syndrome. [Updated 2023 Jul 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560615/ 

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. (n.d.). The HELLP syndrome: Clinical issues and management. Retrieved from https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com​:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. 

Preeclampsia Foundation. (n.d.). HELLP syndrome: Signs, symptoms, and risks. Retrieved from https://www.preeclampsia.org​:contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}. 

Yale Medicine. (n.d.). HELLP syndrome fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.yalemedicine.org​:contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}. 

Infant of Diabetic Mother (IDM)- Module

Garg M, Devaskar SU. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in the neonate. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, eds. Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 86. 

 Landon MB, Catalano PM, Gabbe SG. Diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 45. 

 Moore TR, Hauguel-De Mouzon S, Catalano P. Diabetes in pregnancy. In: Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR, Greene MF, Copel JA, Silver RM, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: chap 59. 

 Sheanon NM, Muglia LJ. The endocrine system. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 127. 

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) - Module

Baschat AA, Galan HL. Fetal growth restriction. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 30. 

Brady JM, Barnes-Davis ME, Poindexter BB. The high risk infant. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 117. 

Mari G, Resnik R. Fetal growth restriction. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 44. 

Sharma D, Shastri S, Sharma P. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2016 Jul 14;10:67-83. doi: 10.4137/CMPed.S40070. PMID: 27441006; PMCID: PMC4946587. 

Low Birth Weight - Module

Cutland CL, Lackritz EM, Mallett-Moore T, Bardají A, Chandrasekaran R, Lahariya C, Nisar MI, Tapia MD, Pathirana J, Kochhar S, Muñoz FM; Brighton Collaboration Low Birth Weight Working Group. Low birth weight: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2017 Dec 4;35(48 Pt A):6492-6500. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.049. PMID: 29150054; PMCID: PMC5710991.

Kramer M.S. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 1987;65(5):663–737.

Johnson C.D., Jones S., Paranjothy S. Reducing low birth weight: prioritizing action to address modifiable risk factors. J Public Health (Oxf) 2016 doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdv212.

Sharma D., Shastri S., Sharma P. Intrauterine growth restriction: antenatal and postnatal aspects. Clin Med Insights Pediatr. 2016;10:67–83. doi: 10.4137/CMPed.S40070.

Oligigohydramnios - Module

Brace RA. Physiology of amniotic fluid volume regulation. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Jun;40(2):280-9.

Keilman C, Shanks AL. Oligohydramnios. [Updated 2022 Sep 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562326/ 

Hou L, Wang X, Hellerstein S, Zou L, Ruan Y, Zhang W. Delivery mode and perinatal outcomes after diagnosis of oligohydramnios at term in China. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Jul;33(14):2408-2414. 

Placent Previa - Module

Resnik R, et al., eds. Placenta previa and accreta, vasa previa, subchorionic hemorrhage, and abruptio placentae. In: Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2019. https://www.clinicalkey.com.

Lockwood CJ, et al. Placenta previa: Epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, morbidity and mortality. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.

Lockwood CJ, et al. Placenta previa: Management. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.

Placenta previa. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/placenta-previa.

Placental Abruption - Module

Ananth CV, et al. Placental abruption: Pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and consequences. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.

Abruptio placentae. Merck Manual Professional Version. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/abruptio-placentae.

Downes KL. Maternal, labor, delivery and perinatal outcomes associated with placental abruption: A systematic review. American Journal of Perinatology. 2017; doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599149. 

Magowan BA, et al, eds. Obstetric haemorrhage. In: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 4th ed. Elsevier; 2019. https://www.clinicalkey.com. 

Oyelese Y, et al. Placental abruption: Management and long-term prognosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search.

Polyhydramnios - Module

Gabbe SG, et al. Amniotic fluid disorders. In: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2017. https://www.clinicalkey.com.  

Lord M, Marino S, Kole M. Amniotic Fluid Index. [Updated 2023 Mar 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.

Polyhydramnios. Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/polyhydramnios.

Preeclampsia - Module

Bogdan Panaitescu, Roberto Romero, Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Percy Pacora, Offer Erez, Felipe Vadillo-Ortega, Lami Yeo, Sonia S. Hassan & Chaur-Dong Hsu. (2020) ELABELA plasma concentrations are increased in women with late-onset preeclampsia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 33:1, pages 5-15.

Bokslag, A., van Weissenbruch, M., Mol, B. W., & de Groot, C. J. M. (2016). Preeclampsia: Short and long-term consequences for mother and neonate. Early Human Development, 102, 47–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.09.007

Carolin Schliefsteiner, Christian Wadsack, Hanna H. Allerkamp, Exploring the Lifeline: Unpacking the Complexities of Placental Vascular Function in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancies, Comprehensive Physiology, 10.1002/cphy.c230020, (5763-5787), (2011).

Robert Para, Roberto Romero, Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Adi L. Tarca, Bogdan Panaitescu, Bogdan Done, Richard Hsu, Percy Pacora & Chaur-Dong Hsu. (2022) Maternal circulating concentrations of soluble Fas and Elabela in early- and late-onset preeclampsia. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 35:2, pages 316-329.

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) - Module

Dayal S, Hong PL. Premature Rupture of Membranes. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.

Guillet, A, Wilson-Smith, M, and Caughey, AB. Outcomes of Neonates From Pregnancies With Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2015 May. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000463564.91457.b4 

Smith NC, Roberts D, Kenyon S, Taylor DJ, Morris J, Edwards D, et al. Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes: Green–top Guideline No. 44: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 2010.

Medication Modules

Betamethasone- Module

Arimi Y, Zamani N, Shariat M, Dalili H. The effects of betamethasone on clinical outcome of the late preterm neonates born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021 Nov 16;21(1):774. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04246-x. PMID: 34784898; PMCID: PMC8594097.

Briceño-Pérez C, Reyna-Villasmil E, Vigil-De-Gracia P. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: historical and scientific basis to improve preterm birth management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;234:32–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.025.

Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics. 1972;50(4):515–525.

Cafcit (Caffiene Citrate)- Module

Abdel-Hady H, Nasef N, Shabaan AE, Nour I. Caffeine therapy in preterm infants. World J Clin Pediatr. 2015 Nov 8;4(4):81-93. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v4.i4.81. PMID: 26566480; PMCID: PMC4637812.

Comer AM, Perry CM, Figgitt DP. Caffeine citrate: a review of its use in apnea of prematurity. 2001. In: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet]. York (UK): Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (UK); 1995-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK68532/ 

Dobson NR, Hunt CE. Pharmacology review: Caffeine use in neonates: Indications, pharmacokinetics, clinical effects, outcomes. NeoReviews. 2013;14:e540–e550.

Schmidt B, Davis PG, Roberts RS. Timing of caffeine therapy in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2014;164:957–958. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.054.

Dexamethasone- Module

Gupta S, Prasanth K, Chen CM, Yeh TF. Postnatal corticosteroids for prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in the preterm newborn. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:315642. doi: 10.1155/2012/315642. Epub 2011 Oct 4. PMID: 22007245; PMCID: PMC3189570. 

Hintz, S. R., Kendrick, D. E. & Stoll, B. J., 2005. Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after NEC. Pediatrics, Issue 115, pp. 695- 703.

Jensen, E. A., Foglia, E. F. & Schmidt, B., 2015. Evidence-Base Pharmacologic Therapies for Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Application of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Methodology. Clinics in Perinatology, Volume 42, pp. 755-779.

Jobe, A. H., 2009. Postnatal Corticosteroids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Clinics of Perinatology, Volume 36, pp. 177-188.11 Laughon, M. et al., 2009. Chronic Lund Disease and Developmental Delay at 2 years of Age in Age in Children Bron Before 28 weeks' Gestation. Pediatrics, Volume 124.

Diuretic Use in Neonates- Module

Guignard JP, Iacobelli S. Use of diuretics in the neonatal period. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021 Sep;36(9):2687-2695. doi: 10.1007/s00467-021-04921-3. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33481099. 

Hagadorn JI, Sanders MR, Staves C, Herson VC, Daigle K (2011) Diuretics for very low birth weight infants in the first 28 days: a survey of the U.S. neonatologists. J Perinatol 31:677–681. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2011.11

Segar JL (2017) Renal adaptive changes and sodium handling in the fetal-to-newborn transition. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 22:76–82.

Dobutamine - Module

Greenough A, Emery EF. Randomized trial comparing dopamine and dobutamine in preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr 1993;152:925‐927.

Klarr JM, Faix RG, Pryce CJE, Bhatt‐Mehta V. Randomized, blind trial of dopamine versus dobutamine for treatment of hypotension in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1994;125:117‐122.

Subhedar NV, Shaw NJ. Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2003(2):CD001242. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001242. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001242. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001242. PMID: 10796258; PMCID: PMC7061491.

Subhedar NV, Shaw NJ. Dopamine versus dobutamine for hypotensive preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 Jul 21;2003(3):CD001242. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001242. PMCID: PMC7061491. 

Dopamine- Module

Fiddler GI, Chatrath R, Williams GJ, Walker DR, Scott O. Dopamine infusion for the treatment of myocardial dysfunction associated with a persistent transitional circulation. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1980;55:194‐8.

Hunt R, Osborn D. Dopamine for prevention of morbidity and mortality in term newborn infants with suspected perinatal asphyxia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2002(3):CD003484. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003484. PMID: 12137696; PMCID: PMC8715535.

Padbury JF, Agata Y, Baylen BG, Ludlow JK, Polk D, Habib DM, Martinez AM. Pharmacokinetics of dopamine in critically ill newborn infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1990;117:472‐6.

Prideaux MA, Guillet R. The Use of Low-Dose Dopamine in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Neoreviews. 2024 Apr 1;25(4):e207-e215. doi: 10.1542/neo.25-4-e207. PMID: 38556497.

Fentanyl - Module

Archives of Disease in Childhood. (n.d.). Neonatal sedation and analgesia: Managing fentanyl-related complications. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Retrieved from https://fn.bmj.com

Christian Medical College Vellore. (2014). Comparison of continuous infusion versus bolus doses of fentanyl in neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315345

Fahnenstich, H., Steffan, J., Kau, N., et al. (2000). Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity and laryngospasm in preterm and term infants. Critical Care Medicine, 28(3), 836–839.

Saarenmaa, E., Huttunen, P., Leppaluoto, J., et al. (1999). Advantages of fentanyl over morphine in analgesia for ventilated newborn infants after birth: A randomized trial. Journal of Pediatrics, 134(2), 144–150.

Indomethacon - Module

Cotton RB, Stahlman MT, Kovar I, et al. Medical management of small pre-term infants with symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus. J Pediatr. 1978;92(3):467–73. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)80451-x.

Ellison RC, Peckham GJ, Lang P, et al. Evaluation of the preterm infant for patent ductus arteriosus. Pediatrics. 1983;71(3):364–72.

Heymann MA, Rudolph AM, Silverman NH. Closure of the ductus arteriosus in premature infants by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. N Engl J Med. 1976;295(10):530–3. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197609022951004.

Johnston PG, Gillam-Krakauer M, Fuller MP, Reese J. Evidence-based use of indomethacin and ibuprofen in the neonatal intensive care unit. Clin Perinatol. 2012 Mar;39(1):111-36. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2011.12.002. Epub 2012 Jan 13. PMID: 22341541; PMCID: PMC3598606.

Magnesium Sulfate - Module

Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Haslam R, Lee KJ, Crowther C, for the Australasian Collaborative Trial of Magnesium Sulphate (ACTOMgSO4) Study Group. School-age Outcomes of Very Preterm Infants After Antenatal Treatment With Magnesium Sulfate vs Placebo. JAMA. 2014;312(11):1105–1113. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.11189

Omori-Shimano, S., Tominaga, T., & Ikeda, K. (2023). Maternal magnesium sulfate administration increases early-onset hyperkalemia risk in premature infants: A propensity score-matched, case-control study. Pediatrics & Neonatology, 64(2), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.06.011

Shepherd E, Salam RA, Manhas D, Synnes A, Middleton P, Makrides M, Crowther CA. Antenatal magnesium sulphate and adverse neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019 Dec 6;16(12):e1002988. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002988. PMID: 31809499; PMCID: PMC6897495.

Maternal Alcohol, Smoking, Drug Abuse - Module

Dejong K, Olyaei A, Lo JO. Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Mar;62(1):142-155. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000414. PMID: 30575614; PMCID: PMC7061927. 

D’Onofrio BM, Rickert ME, Langstrom N, Donahue KL, Coyne CA, Larsson H, Ellingson JM, Van Hulle CA, Iliadou AN, Rathouz PJ, Lahey BB, Lichtenstein P. Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring substance use and problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:1140–1150. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2107.

O'Brien JW, Hill SY. Effects of prenatal alcohol and cigarette exposure on offspring substance use in multiplex, alcohol-dependent families. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 Dec;38(12):2952-61. doi: 10.1111/acer.12569. PMID: 25581650; PMCID: PMC4293090.

Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015 Jan;40(1):61-87. doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.147. Epub 2014 Jun 18. PMID: 24938210; PMCID: PMC4262892. 

Smith IE, Lancaster JS, Moss-Wells S, Coles CD, Falek A. Identifying high-risk pregnant drinkers: biological and behavioral correlates of continuous heavy drinking during pregnancy. J Stud Alcohol. 1987;48:304–309. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1987.48.304.

Narcan - Module

McGuire W, Fowlie PW, Evans DJ. Naloxone for preventing morbidity and mortality in newborn infants of greater than 34 weeks' gestation with suspected perinatal asphyxia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;2004(1):CD003955. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003955.pub2. PMID: 14974047; PMCID: PMC6485479.

Moe-Byrne T, Brown JVE, McGuire W. Naloxone for opioid-exposed newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 12;10(10):CD003483. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003483.pub3. PMID: 30311212; PMCID: PMC6517169. 

Segal, S., Anyan, W. R., Jr., Hill, R. M., Kauffman, R. E., Mofenson, H., Pruitt, A. W., Shinefield, H. R., Singer, H. S., & Weinberger, M. M. (1980). Naloxone use in newborns. Pediatrics, 65(3), 667–669. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.65.3.667

Sydney Segal, Walter R. Anyan, Jr, Reba M. Hill, Ralph E. Kauffman, Howard Mofenson, lbert W. Pruitt, Henry R. Shinefield, Harvey S. Singer, Miles M. Weinberger. Pediatrics (1980) 65 (3): 667–669. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.65.3.667 

Neuromuscular Blockes Neonates - Module

 Hodges U M. Vecuronium infusion requirements in paediatric patients in intensive care units: the use of acceleromyography. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(1):23–28. 

Johnson P N, Miller J, Gormley A K. Continuous-infusion neuromuscular blocking agents in critically ill neonates and children. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(6):609–620. 

Sahni M, Richardson CJ, Jain SK. Sustained Neuromuscular Blockade after Vecuronium Use in a Premature Infant. AJP Rep. 2015 Oct;5(2):e121-3. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1549297. Epub 2015 May 8. PMID: 26495168; PMCID: PMC4603855. 

Oxytocin - Module

Monks, D. T., & Palanisamy, A. (2021). Oxytocin: At birth and beyond. A systematic review of the long-term effects of peripartum oxytocin. Anaesthesia. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15553

Scatliffe N, Casavant S, Vittner D, Cong X. Oxytocin and early parent-infant interactions: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019 Sep 12;6(4):445-453. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.009. PMID: 31728399; PMCID: PMC6838998. 

Uvnäs-Moberg K, Ekström-Bergström A, Berg M, Buckley S, Pajalic Z, Hadjigeorgiou E, et al. Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth - a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):285.

Uvnas-Moberg K. Oxytocin: the biological guide to motherhood. Amarillo: Praeclarus Press; 2016.

Prostaglandin - Module

Akkinapally S, Hundalani SG, Kulkarni M, Fernandes CJ, Cabrera AG, Shivanna B, Pammi M. Prostaglandin E1 for maintaining ductal patency in neonates with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 27;2(2):CD011417. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011417.pub2. PMID: 29486048; PMCID: PMC6491149.

Hew MR, Gerriets V. Prostaglandin E1. [Updated 2023 Apr 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546629/

Mohrland JS, Porter JM, Smith EA, Belch J, Simms MH. A multiclinic, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of prostaglandin E1 in Raynaud's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985 Nov;44(11):754-60.

Vari D, Xiao W, Behere S, Spurrier E, Tsuda T, Baffa JM. Low-dose prostaglandin E1 is safe and effective for critical congenital heart disease: is it time to revisit the dosing guidelines? Cardiol Young. 2021 Jan;31(1):63-70.

Surfactant Replacement - Module

Chao YS, Grobelna A. Curosurf (poractant alfa) for the Treatment of Infants At Risk For or Experiencing Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2018 Sep 18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538371/ 

Ng EH, Shah V. Guidelines for surfactant replacement therapy in neonates. Paediatr Child Health. 2021 Feb 1;26(1):35-49. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxaa116. PMID: 33552321; PMCID: PMC7850281.

Plavka R, Kopecký P, Sebron V, et al. Early versus delayed surfactant administration in extremely premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome ventilated by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2002;28(10):1483-90.

Neonatal Disease Modules

Bronchoplumonary Dysplasia ( BPD)- Module

Balany J, Bhandari V. Understanding the Impact of Infection, Inflammation, and Their Persistence in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne). 2015;2:90. 

Miller AN, Kielt MJ, El-Ferzli GT, Nelin LD, Shepherd EG. Optimizing ventilator support in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the absence of conclusive evidence. Front Pediatr. 2022 Nov 24;10:1022743. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1022743. PMID: 36507124; PMCID: PMC9729338. 

Sahni M, Mowes AK. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539879/ 

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) - Module

Clugston RD, Zhang W, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Greer JJ. Understanding abnormal retinoid signaling as a causative mechanism in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2010 Mar;42(3):276-85.  

Dott MM, Wong LY, Rasmussen SA. Population-based study of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: risk factors and survival in Metropolitan Atlanta, 1968-1999. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2003 Apr;67(4):261-7.  

McGivern MR, Best KE, Rankin J, Wellesley D, Greenlees R, Addor MC, Arriola L, de Walle H, Barisic I, Beres J, Bianchi F, Calzolari E, Doray B, Draper ES, Garne E, Gatt M, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Latos-Bielenska A, O'Mahony M, Braz P, McDonnell B, Mullaney C, Nelen V, Queisser-Luft A, Randrianaivo H, Rissmann A, Rounding C, Sipek A, Thompson R, Tucker D, Wertelecki W, Martos C. Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: a register-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015 Mar;100(2):F137-44.  

Gastroschisis - Module

Bird, T. M., Robbins, J. M., Druschel, C., Cleves, M. A., Yang, S., Hobbs, C. A., & the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. (2009). Demographic and environmental risk factors for gastroschisis and omphalocele in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 44, 1546–1551.

Feldkamp, M. L., Arnold, K. E., Krikov, S., Reefhuis, J., Almli, L. M., Moore, C. A., & Botto, L. D. (2019). Risk of gastroschisis with maternal genitourinary infections, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997-2011. BMJ Open, 9, e026297.

Islam, S. (2020). Congenital abdominal wall defects: Gastroschisis and omphalocele. In G. W. Holcomb, P. Murphy, S. D. St. Peter, & J. M. Gatti (Eds.), Holcomb and Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery (7th ed., chap. 48). Elsevier.

Jones, A. M., Isenburg, J., Salemi, J. L., et al.; for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network. (2016). Increasing prevalence of gastroschisis—14 States, 1995-2012. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(2), 23–26.

Kirby, R. S., Marshall, J., Tanner, J. P., et al.; for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of gastroschisis in 15 states, 1995 to 2005. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122(2 Pt 1), 275–281.

Mai, C. T., Isenburg, J. L., Canfield, M. A., Meyer, R. E., Correa, A., Alverson, C. J., Lupo, P. J., Riehle‐Colarusso, T., Cho, S. J., Aggarwal, D., & Kirby, R. S. (2019). National population‐based estimates for major birth defects, 2010–2014. Birth Defects Research, 111(18), 1420–1435.

Polites, S., & Nathan, J. D. (2021). Newborn abdominal wall defects. In R. Wyllie, J. S. Hyams, & M. Kay (Eds.), Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease (6th ed., chap. 58). Elsevier.

Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) - Module

Ballabh P. Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage. Clin Perinatol. 2014 Mar;41(1):47-67. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2013.09.007. Epub 2013 Dec 12. PMID: 24524446; PMCID: PMC3925310. 

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (n.d.). Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/intraventricular-hemorrhage 

Gilard, V., Tebani, A., Bekri, S., & Marret, S. (2020). Intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: A comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(8), 2447. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082447

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) - Module

Fanaroff AA. Meconium aspiration syndrome: historical aspects. J Perinatol. 2008 Dec;28 Suppl 3:S3-7.

Thureen PJ, Hall DM, Hoffenberg A, Tyson RW. Fatal meconium aspiration in spite of appropriate perinatal airway management: pulmonary and placental evidence of prenatal disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176(5):967–975.  

Whitfield JM, Charsha DS, Chiruvolu A. Prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome: an update and the Baylor experience. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2009 Apr;22(2):128-31. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2009.11928491. PMID: 19381312; PMCID: PMC2666857. 

Sayad E, Silva-Carmona M. Meconium Aspiration. [Updated 2023 Apr 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557425/

Vain NE, Batton DG. Meconium "aspiration" (or respiratory distress associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid?). Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Aug;22(4):214-219.

Neonatal Pneumonia - Module

Hooven TA, Polin RA. Pneumonia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Aug;22(4):206-213. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2017.03.002. Epub 2017 Mar 24. PMID: 28343909; PMCID: PMC7270051.

Webber S, Wilkinson AR, Lindsell D, Hope PL, Dobson SR, Isaacs D. Neonatal pneumonia. Arch Dis Child. 1990 Feb;65(2):207-11. doi: 10.1136/adc.65.2.207. PMID: 2107797; PMCID: PMC1792235.

Zachery S Lewald, Pavel Prusakov, Jacqueline K Magers, Matthew Kielt, Pablo J Sánchez, Antibiotic Therapy for Pneumonia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Is 5 Days Enough?, Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Volume 12, Issue Supplement_1, November 2023, Pages S6–S7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piad070.013

Neonatal Pneumothorax - Module

Baudat-Nguyen J, Schneider J, Roth-Kleiner M, Barrielle L, Diebold P, Duvoisin G, El Faleh I, Grupe S, Huber BM, Morel AS, Paccaud Y, Torregrossa A, Younes D, Tolsa JF, Truttmann AC. Incidence and Management of Neonatal Pneumothorax in a 10-Hospital Regional Perinatal Network in Switzerland: A Retrospective Observational Study. Am J Perinatol. 2024 May;41(S 01):e3305-e3312. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1777861. Epub 2023 Dec 28. PMID: 38154466; PMCID: PMC11150061.

Bruschettini M, Romantsik O, Zappettini S, O'Donnell C P, Calevo M G. Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2(02):CD011724. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011724.pub3.

Halibullah I, Hammond F, Hodgson K, Duffy N, Stewart M, Sett A. Management of pneumothorax in neonatal retrieval: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2023;108(02):182–187. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324352.

Jovandaric MZ, Milenkovic SJ, Dotlic J, Babovic IR, Jestrovic Z, Milosevic B, Culjic M, Babic S. Neonatal Pneumothorax Outcome in Preterm and Term Newborns. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Jul 20;58(7):965. doi: 10.3390/medicina58070965. PMID: 35888683; PMCID: PMC9320446. 

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) - Module

Greenberg, J. M., Narendran, V., Brady, J. M., Nathan, A. T., & Haberman, B. B. (2023). Neonatal morbidities of prenatal and perinatal origin. In C. J. Lockwood, J. A. Copel, L. Dugoff, et al. (Eds.), Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice (9th ed., chap. 73). Elsevier.

Kliegman, R. M., St. Geme, J. W., Blum, N. J., Shah, S. S., Tasker, R. C., & Wilson, K. M. (2020). Diffuse lung diseases in childhood. In R. M. Kliegman, J. W. St. Geme, N. J. Blum, S. S. Shah, R. C. Tasker, & K. M. Wilson (Eds.), Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (21st ed., chap. 434). Elsevier.

Lagoski, M., Hamvas, A., & Wambach, J. A. (2020). Respiratory distress syndrome in the neonate. In R. J. Martin, A. A. Fanaroff, & M. C. Walsh (Eds.), Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (11th ed., chap. 64). Elsevier.

Rozance, P. J., & Wright, C. J. (2021). The neonate. In M. B. Landon, H. L. Galan, E. R. M. Jauniaux, et al. (Eds.), Gabbe's Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (8th ed., chap. 23). Elsevier.

Yadav, S., Lee, B., & Kamity, R. (2023, July 25). Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.statpearls.com/PMID/32809614

Normal Fetal Lung Development - Module

Avena-Zampieri CL, Hutter J, Rutherford M, Milan A, Hall M, Egloff A, Lloyd DFA, Nanda S, Greenough A, Story L. Assessment of the fetal lungs in utero. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022 Sep;4(5):100693. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100693. Epub 2022 Jul 17. PMID: 35858660; PMCID: PMC9811184.

Davis RP, Mychaliska GB. Neonatal pulmonary physiology. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2013 Nov;22(4):179-84.

Schittny JC. Development of the lung. Cell Tissue Res. 2017 Mar;367(3):427-444.

Rehman S, Bacha D. Embryology, Pulmonary. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544372/

Pulmonary Assessment of Newborn - Module

Chakkarapani, A.A., Roehr, C.C., Hooper, S.B. et al. Transitional circulation and hemodynamic monitoring in newborn infants. Pediatr Res 96, 595–603 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-022-02427-8

Coleman, J., Ginsburg, A.S., Macharia, W.M. et al. Assessment of neonatal respiratory rate variability. J Clin Monit Comput 36, 1869–1879 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-022-00840-2

Doherty TM, Hu A, Salik I. Physiology, Neonatal. [Updated 2023 Apr 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539840/

Sweet LR, Keech C, Klein NP, Marshall HS, Tagbo BN, Quine D, Kaur P, Tikhonov I, Nisar MI, Kochhar S, Muñoz FM; Brighton Collaboration Respiratory Distress in the Neonate Working Group. Respiratory distress in the neonate: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data.

Pulmonary Hypoplasia - Module

Baraldi, E., & Filippone, M. (2012). Chronic lung disease after premature birth. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1105347

Parnell, S. L., & Jacob, A. (2020). Pulmonary hypoplasia and its impact on the neonate. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 67(6), 1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2020.08.004

Tisekar, O. R., & AK, A. K. (2023, July 24). Hypoplastic lung disease. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562139/

Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema (PIE) - Module

Cunningham, K., Paes, B. A., & Symington, A. (1992, August). Pulmonary interstitial emphysema: A review. Neonatal Network, 11(5), 7–16, 29–31.

Jalota Sahota, R., & Anjum, F. (2022, July 25). Pulmonary interstitial emphysema. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560484/

Perea, L., Blinman, T., Piccione, J., & Laje, P. (2017, September). Bilateral congenital lobar emphysema: Staged management. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 52(9), 1442–1445.

Verma, R. P., Chandra, S., Niwas, R., & Komaroff, E. (2006, March). Risk factors and clinical outcomes of pulmonary interstitial emphysema in extremely low birth weight infants. Journal of Perinatology, 26(3), 197–200.

Report-Initial Assessment - Module

ACGME. (n.d.). Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Milestones – Supplemental Guide. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Retrieved from https://www.acgme.org/globalassets/pdfs/milestones/neonatalperinatalmedicinesupplementalguidetemplate.docx

CHI Saint Joseph Health. (n.d.). Cerner Resource Guide for Nursing. Retrieved from https://www.chisaintjosephhealth.org/content/dam/stjoseph-ky/pdfs/nursing/cerner-resource-guide.pdf

National Association of Neonatal Nurses (NANN). (2018). Policies and Procedures for Advanced Neonatal Nursing Practice. Retrieved from https://www.nann.org/uploads/Publications/NANN18_PolicyProcedure_Electronic_Updated.pdf

NCBI Bookshelf. (2022). Newborn Assessment. In StatPearls. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK593192/

Respiratory Therapy. (n.d.). Neonatal Critical Care Testing. Retrieved from https://respiratory-therapy.com/public-health/pediatrics/neonatal/neonatal-critical-care-testing/

Skyline College Respiratory Care Program. (2024). Respiratory Care Program Clinical Manual 2024–2026. Retrieved from https://skylinecollege.edu/respiratorycare/assets/documents/Respiratory%20Care%20Program%20Clinical%20Manual%202024-2026.pdf

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) - Module

Campbell, K. (1951). Intensive oxygen therapy as a possible cause for retrolental fibroplasia: A clinical approach. Medical Journal of Australia, 2, 48–50.

Chiang, M. F., et al. (2021). Retinopathy of prematurity: Pathogenesis and treatment. Survey of Ophthalmology, 66(5), 676–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.01.002

Csak, K., Szabo, V., Szabo, A., et al. (2006, January 1). Pathogenesis and genetic basis for retinopathy of prematurity. Frontiers in Bioscience, 11, 908–920.

International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. (2005, July). The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited. Archives of Ophthalmology, 123(7), 991–999.

Molecular and Cellular Pediatrics. (n.d.). Retinopathy of prematurity: From oxygen management to molecular manipulation. SpringerOpen. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://molcellped.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40348-021-00133-z

Tsai, A. S. H., Acaba-Berrocal, L., Sobhy, M., et al. (2022). Current management of retinopathy of prematurity. Current Treatment Options in Pediatrics, 8, 246–261.

Transient Tachypnea of Newborn (TTN) - Module

Derbent A, Tatli MM, Duran M, Tonbul A, Kafali H, Akyol M. Transient tachypnea of the newborn: effects of labor and delivery type in term and preterm pregnancies. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 May. 283(5):947-51. 

Liem JJ, Huq SI, Ekuma O, Becker AB, Kozyrskyj AL. Transient tachypnea of the newborn may be an early clinical manifestation of wheezing symptoms. J Pediatr. 2007 Jul. 151(1):29-33. 

Rocha GM, Flor-De-Lima FS, Guimaraes HA. Persistent grunting respirations after birth. Minerva Pediatr. 2018 Jun. 70 (3):217-24. 

Video Modules

APGAR Scoring - Video

[Rhesus Medicine]. (2021, July 6). APGAR Score Made Easy [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4QLD4nD-6g

[Simple Nursing]. (2022, December 28). APGAR Score Newborn Care Assessment Test Nursing [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3-NAq0xTRg

Baby Circulation Right After Birth - Video

[Khanacademymedicine]. (2012, December 13). Baby circulation right after birth | Circulatory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFn0dyU5wUw&t=34s 
 

Capillary Blood Gas Sampling - Video

[Dennis Doherty]. (2016, October 6). NICU CAP Gas [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wliiZhSVjmU

Chest Compressions NRP - Video

[Nursing and NCLEX Mastery]. (2022, July 5). Compressions and Ventilations for Neonatal Resuscitation | NRP Mastery for Nurses [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvPGuS8Pwaw

Closed Suction Catheter System - Video

[Temp44592]. (2020, December 7). How to determine suction depth when using a halyard closed suction system [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nhr6K9zqoYo

Entering the NICU - Video

[Tala Talks NICU]. (2022, August 1). 11+ concepts you NEED to UNDERSTAND before taking care of Neonates!!![Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nhr6K9zqoYo

Fetal Circulation Right Before Birth - Video

[Kahnacademymedicine]. (2012, December 13). Fetal circulation right before birth | Circulatory system physiology | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IRkisEtzsk

High Frequency Ventilation NICU- Video

[Tala Talks NICU]. (2021, September 13). High Frequency Ventilation// Neonatologist explains the BASICs [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5CHHrE7pqY&t=10s

Meconium Aspiration - Video

[Dale Button]. (2019, September 15). Meconium Aspiration [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w10Z8mYZv-U

MRSOPA - Video

[Nursing and NCLEX Mastery]. (2022, July 18). MRSOPA Ventilative Corrective Steps | NRP Mastery for Nurses [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6fn-Unv8Mo

Blood Gas Interpretation Part 1 - Video

[Tala Talks NICU]. (2021, April 12). Truly UNDERSTAND blood gases! Interpretation of blood gases PART I. [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGIrvHhEh18

Blood Gas Interpretation Part 2 - Video

[Tala Talks NICU]. (2021, April 26). PART II: Interpretation of Blood Gases -Tala Talks NICU [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMzoGQELg3A

Neonatal Chest X-Ray Interpretation - Video

[Tala Talks NICU]. (2023, April 24). How to read: RDS// MAS// TTN// BPD//pneumonia. Neonatal CXRs!!! [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxXWt-qzeWo

Neonatal Ethics - Video

[Open Pediatrics]. (2016, February 24). Ethics in the NICU: Principles, Methods, & Application by M. Mercurio, C. Cummings | OPENPediatrics [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qraLAPLZoI

Neonatal Intubation - Video

[Tala Talks NICU]. (2023, November 13). Neonatal intubation made SUPER EASY// Step-by-step instructions!! [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgFFF3WK3LU

Neonatal Jaundice - Video

[Open Pediatrics]. (2020, May 13). Neonatal Jaundice by L. Veit | OPENPediatrics [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQ21vJmTDz4

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome - Video

[Medicosis Peferctionalis]. (2019, September 5). Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) - Pediatrics - Pulmonolog [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWe7Xwh7O1Y

NRP Equipment Check - Video

[The Resuscitation Coach]. (2021, September 17). Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) Equipment Check (8th Edition) [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub_4_iTMEo

NRP Overview - Video

[The Resuscitation Coach]. (2021, September 24). Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) Algorithm Overview (8th Edition) [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HL6JtJi-7s&t=1s

Surfactant Overview - Video

[Open Pediatrics]. (2019, January 14). Surfactant Replacement in Neonates by B. Walsh | OPENPediatrics [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIulk9j_06A